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Spatial abilities have been correlated to learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Theoretically, improving spatial abilities by acting on these factors would improve quality and duration of the technical skills performance in health care.Īmong these factors, environmental have been related to practice involving spatial abilities such as previous testing in spatial abilities, academic programme and vocational activities. Genetic, hormonal, neurological, environmental, sex, and age factors have been found to impact on spatial abilities. This knowledge should be based on scientific evidence.

It has been written that ‘combining knowledge of the influences of both instructional design and learners’ individual differences may yield the best predictors of success in training programmes’. A peak in the twenties and a decay afterward have been observed for spatial abilities. Further, a negative correlation of the aging process and spatial abilities has been identified in a systematic review. In the field of cognitive psychology and anatomy education, males have been found to have better spatial abilities. Spatial abilities have not been correlated to technical skills performance in surgery and health care in individuals in the autonomous phase.īasic factors involved in individual differences in spatial abilities have been identified: environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological. Spatial abilities have been found important in the cognitive phase of learning a novel technical skill in health care. The cognitive phase involved in learning novel first time experienced non-repetitive tasks have been related to spatial abilities by Ackerman's theory of ability determinants. Three phases have been identified in the Fitts and Posner's theory of motor skill acquisition: cognitive, associative and autonomous.

These findings imply that spatial abilities have been important in the learning process of technical skills in surgery and more broadly in health care. This systematic review has not identified any correlation in competent individuals or experts. Another systematic review in the health area has found spatial abilities test score to be positively correlated to the quality of technical skills performance in novices and intermediates but negatively correlated to the duration of technical skills performance in novices and intermediates. Also, visual spatial tests have been correlated with technical performance in surgical trainees in a systematic review. In a systematic review, visual-spatial perception has been correlated with operative abilities in the field of surgery at the end of a training programme, but not found in experts.

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